Concepts of epidemiology (HIV) Essay

catching unwellnessinesss atomic twist 18 global wellness issues nowadays as the world become globalized by increase inter farmingal travel and business. Among many a nonher(prenominal) of communicable diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency computer virus) transmittance is considered to be one of the roughly stark(a) communicable diseases worldwide. It has beam rapidly doneout the whole world from the continent of Africa since it was first base reported in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). By 1987, it had scatter to 100 countries, by 2001, human immunodeficiency virus became the leaders infectious ca occasion of death in the world. Scientists believe a similar computer virus to human immunodeficiency virus first found in animals such as chimps and monkeys in Africa, where Africans be hunted for food. While they come through with an give animals entirelyiance during abattoir or cooking, the virus might picky into humans and become human immunodefi ciency virus (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). human immunodeficiency virus causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome(acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Having human immunodeficiency virus does not always mean having back up.To develop aid, it assimilate many long time for mass with human immunodeficiency virus. The pestilential of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Africa is crushing because it disrupts family spirit, leaving many children without p bents concentrate. Reduced workforces in African society impact socioeconomic issues as well. These days, human immunodeficiency virus/ support atomic number 18 not only problems in the African continent, but they are now to a fault seen in every continent in the entire world. As of 2008, coupled Nations (UN) prevalent assembly special session on human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS estimated that in that location were just about 33-4 cardinal mess living with human immunodeficiency virus, 2.7 billio n virgin contagions of human immunodeficiency virus, and 2 million deaths from AIDS. match to the Center of Disease Control(CDC), about 1.1 million people in the U.S. had been diagnosed with AIDS since the disease diagnosed in 1981(Maurer & Smith, 2009). A person gets human immunodeficiency virus when an septic persons bole fluids such as product straining, semen, fluids from vagina or dope milk get into his or her bloodstream.This virus can enter the bloodstream through linings in the mouth, anus, or sex mix meat through broken skin. human immunodeficiency virus attacks and destroys CD4 prison cells which is very(prenominal) as T-cells in white blood cells (Moss, 2013). When a person has down(p)er number of CD4 cells in the blood than normal, he or she is vulnerable to illnesses because the person lost readiness to fight contagion. Un skilful sexual action, transfusion of HIV infected blood, sharing needles and syringes with people with HIV, HIV infected m some other s pregnancy, delivery, and breast- feed are all told risk factors for HIV transmittal. World wellness Organization(WHO) found that 80% of wooings of HIV/AIDS transmittals happened by unsafe sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. Stigma, discrimination, misconception, local brotherly and cultural taboos similarly contribute to increasing number of HIV infections in developing countries where people do not talk about them or people are not amend about them.Early symptoms of HIV infection are fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, spit up, headache, groggy and distorted vision, skin rashes or bumps, and suddenness of breath(Moss, 2013). People infected with HIV continue to AIDS when their CD4 cell count locomote down below 200 or when they develop forkings such astuberculosis, salmonellosis, cytomegalovirus, candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosiporidiosis, and cancers including Kaposis sarcoma and lymphomas. some other co mplications can include wasting syndrome, neurological complications, and kidney disease(Moss, 2013).AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection and life threatening. If a person with HIV does not fetch treatment, the disease progresses to AIDS in about 10 years (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Good unseasoneds is that there is a treatment with antiviral drug medication for HIV infection even though there is no complete cure for HIV/AIDS. As soon as a person is diagnosed as HIV- electropositive, a variety of drugs can be employ in combination to control this virus.The Department of wellness and Human Services recommend that everyone with HIV infection must be offered antiviral medications regardless of T-cells count in commit of magnitude to restrict replication and duplication of the virus. HIV medications are more widely operable than ever. They expand the lifespan of people with HIV. not only drug forage, but salutary life style such as eating healthy foods including fish rock oil and whey protein, avoiding certain foods including unpasteurized dairy farm products, raw eggs, and raw seafood, getting vaccine, obtaining make out skills contribute to reducing further complication of HIV/AIDS (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Prevention is the most important through command on safe sexual natural process, safe parcel out of blood transfusion, protective care of pregnancy, delivery, and breast-feeding among mothers with HIV/AIDS, etc. The epidemiologic triangle is still of agent, emcee, and environment.These cardinal are interrelated to break the communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. For example, the agent factor is the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus that is ancestral directly through infected blood transfusion, sharing infected needles and syringes, and breast feeding from infected mother or indirectly through broken skin by unsafe and unprotected sexual contact. The host factors are people. They can be either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. People w ho are diagnosed as HIV-negative are susceptible hosts who can be infected by people who are diagnosed HIV-positive if they have unsafe sexual activity or receive unsafe health care. The environ psychological factors can be social and economic conditions such as poverty, crowding, and frequent mobility of people that carry agents easily to other environments. If the environment is less habitable, the host dexterity is reduced, and the agent source is also reduced or eliminated as well. All three factors may be altered to break club resistance to HIV infection (Maurer & Smith, 2009)HostAgentEnvironmentFigure 1 HIV Epidemiologic TriangleThe fellowship and macrocosm health nurses play an important section through their tasks such as case finding, reporting, data collection and analysis, and follow-up. 1. duty of native measure fraternity and commonplace health nurses are in the front line to assess a person, family, and communities for epidemiologic agents, susceptible hosts , and favorable environments. Nurses are answerable for educating people in the community about the causes and spread of the virus. Since 80% of HIV infection occurs by sexual contact with an HIV infected person, abstinence or advocacy of the use of condoms and other protective measures during sexual activity must be taught to people of all ages at risk, boylike or old, manly or female. Safeadministration of blood, safe use of needles and syringes, safe breast-feeding, and protective health care of mothers with HIV during pregnancy or delivery must also be taught and performed as well for primary prevention. 2. Responsibility of secondary prevention Despite education and prevention efforts, reducing HIV infection is challenging. In 2009, CDC reported, youth, ages 13-29, accounted for 39% of all bare-assedHIV infections in the U.S.(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). Nurses are responsible for secondary prevention through impelling intervention. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS , yet medica tion regimen help improve life hope by preventing HIV-related complications. Combination of medications at least three of antiretroviral can be used to control the virus(Moss, 2013). Nurses should encourage people who receive antiretroviral therapy of 3 to5 combination pills to be gentle with prescribed medications as scheduled. However, combination of antiretroviral live a lot and are not available in poor countries. WHO support these countries that drug companies provide medications at low cost.Community health care providers conjure voluntary counseling and testing for HIV treatment programs as good strategies. By the help of trained counselors, patients in the community can learn their HIV position and register for treatment as needed. In South Carolina, since the number of young adults with new HIV infection is increased, a new intervention program is designed for young adults that is called HIV/AIDS information vaccine, employ graphic novels(Albright & Gavigan, 2014). 3. Responsibility of tertiary prevention Since HIV/AIDS is incurable and at risk in progression gradually, community and public health nurses can revolve around on enhancing or optimizing their quality of life.HIV is not only a physiological stressor, but also a prodigious psychological stressor. Many of HIV positive patient suffer with depression and dangerous ideation. jibe to the study, these psychological symptoms among HIV-positive people are associated with a decline in CD4 cell count (Dalmida, 2006). By evidence of research, depressive sense of humour affects neuropeptide receptor on lymphocytes and lead to lessen CD4 cell count(Dalmida, 2006). Spiritual practice and mental care for HIV-positive people are in force(p) to relax sympathetic nervous system of rules and enhance immune function (Rabin 1999). According to the holistic view of human being, an consciousness of ones spiritual egotism is very important to extend life span with optimal wellnessincreasing greate r satisfaction with life. (Rabin, 1999).Community and public health nurses have a use in such responsibilities in order to make a person, family and community contrastive and healthier by providing coping skills with spiritual activities for people who are infected by HIV and who are suffering with AIDS. AIDS United is an fundamental law that carries its mission in the U.S. to end the epidemic of AIDS since 1987. This organization has funded to local communities for syringe access, access to care, capacity building, HIV prevention and advocacy. AIDS United supports community-driven to HIV epidemic around the nation that reach populations with HIV/AIDS including merry and bisexual men and women, adolescents in school.ReferencesAlbright, K.S., Gavigan, K. (2014) teaching Vaccine using Graphic Novels as an HIV/AIDS prevention choice for young adults. Journal of Education for library & Information Science Spring 2014, Vol.55 appear 2, p178-185. Retrieved from GCU library. Colema n, C.L., Holzemer, W.L. (1999). Spirituality, psychological well-being and the quality of life. In L.A. peplau & D.Perlman (Eds), Loneliness A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp.224-237). peeled York Wiley-Inter-science. Retrieved from Grand Canyon University(GCU) Library. Dalmida, S.G. (2006). Spirituality, Mental Health, strong-arm Health, and Health-related quality of life among women with HIV/AIDS Integrating spirituality into mental health care. Issues in Mental health nursing. Vol. 27. Retrieved from GCU library. Maurer, F.A., Smith, C.M. (2009) Community/Public Health Nursing fare Health for families and populations (4th ed.)Saunders Version Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//evolve.elsevier.com Moss, J.A. (2013) HIV/AIDS Review. Journal of Radiologic Technology, 2013 Jan 1 84(3) pp. 247-270. Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from GCU library. MayoClinic (n.d.). Retrieved on June 5, 2014 from http//www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hiv-aids/basics/causes/ con-20013732 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) http//www.cdc.org/cough/index.htm World Health Organization(WHO) http//www.who.int